The Himalayas As A Barrier For The World - 909 Words

One Better Village to Live for All of Us Some historians believe that the Himalayas acted as a barrier for the last five thousand years, separating civilized development in China from the rest of the world. (China kept much to herself until about two hundred years ago. Then the British, using gunpowder invented by the Chinese, forced the door to China wide open to the West, starting the most humiliating chapter in Chinese history and the interactions with the rest of the world). Developments in China and the West progressed at a similar pace, despite their engaging in little intellectual communications. Great thinkers emerged in both parts of the world about 2500 years ago, paving the way for their respective civilizations to develop culturally and intellectually, albeit taking completely different approaches. Confucius (born 551 BC) is the most influential figure in the Chinese history. His thoughts and those of his followers laid the foundation, â€Å"the foundation is Confucian ethics† described by Fung Yu-Lan in A History of Chinese Philosophy. This is fundamentally different from the major civilizations in other parts of the world, where traditional religions have played more dominant roles in the course of development. â€Å"We are not religious because we are philosophical,† from A History of Chinese Philosophy, for example, death often plays mysterious roles in almost all forms of religions, but not in the mind of Confucius. When facing a question about the meaningShow MoreRelatedThe Himalayas As A Barrier For The World898 Words   |  4 PagesSome historians believe that the Himalayas acted as a barrier for the last five thousand years, separating civilized development in China from the rest of the world. (China kept much to herself until about two hundred ye ars ago. Then the British, using gunpowder invented by the Chinese, forced the door to China wide open to the West, starting the most humiliating chapter in Chinese history). Developments in China and the West progressed at a similar pace, despite their engaging in little intellectualRead MoreEssay on Geography of India955 Words   |  4 Pagesto the north, and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. It is divided into three categorical geographic regions: the Gangetic Plain, the plateau region in the south, the Himalayan region in the north, which contains some of the highest mountains in the world and a central part. India has a population of 1,027,015,247 than speaks a whopping seventeen different languages. India has several religions but six major religions are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jinism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;UnderRead MoreThe Importance of Geography to Chinese History1249 Words   |  5 Pagesof the world. Great geographic influences included the treacherous mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, and the prosperous river valleys, such as the Yangtze and the Huang he. Lack of cultural diffusion is primarily due to the fact that China, for hundreds of years, had little to no outside contact or cultural diffusion with other civilizations of that time. The culprit behind this lack of interaction is primarily China’s many mountain ranges. These massive mountains, such as the Himalayas, providedRead MoreRein Evans. Mr. Jennings. World Geography (H) 3Rd Hour1217 Words   |  5 PagesRein Evans Mr. Jennings World Geography (H) 3rd Hour 11 April 2017 Chapter 30 Summary Brittan ruled over India calling it the British raj which is the Hindu word for empire. Through the peaceful nonviolent protest of the Indian people led by Mohandas K Gandhi India won its independence in 1947. Brian divided the country into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. Buddhist monks fleeing Tibet in 800 AD. Were the first recorded ruling elite in the region of Bhutan. The lama or highest level of monks ruleRead MoreEssay on HISTORY1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Name: Date: Graded Assignment Final Exam Part 2 I. Map On this world map, indicate the following features: Amazon Rainforest Panama Canal The Himalayas The Ring of Fire The Mississippi River The Gobi Desert (10 points) II. Graphic Organizer Fill in the table below about these five major world religions. Do not fill in the shaded boxes. (10 points) Religion Name at least one Holy Text How do you achieve enlightment? Describe their view about the afterlife. HinduismRead MoreImpact Of Geography On China Ancient China1080 Words   |  5 PagesOf Geography On China Ancient China is one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the world. The Ancient Chinese have thrived for thousands of years because of the geography, their skills, and their talents. Throughout history, rivers such as the Yangtze and Huang He rivers made China thrive for thousands of years. While other features such as deserts and mountains like the Gobi, Himalayas, and the Taklimakan isolated the Chinese and kept other civilizations from culturally diffusing intoRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside Polar Regions and are the source of the ten largest rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring, (Wilkes Eriksson, 2009). With a highly heterogeneous geography, the region has a great climatic variability and forms a barrier to atmospheric circulation for the summer monsoon and winter westerlies. The regions climatic zones contain a rich diversity of species and ecosystems thatRead MoreClimate change Adaptation Planning: Tourism industry in the Himalaya Region732 Words   |  3 PagesThe Himalayas is a vital region that facilitates mountain tourism to a number of countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, China, India and Nepal. The unique landscape and scenery of Himalayas is the main attraction to tourist activities in this region. Tourism industry is one of the major contributors to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. As an example, tourism sector contributes 9.4% of GDP and 8.2% of total employment in 2012 for Nepal. (World Travel Tourism Council 2013)Read MoreThe Aerial Migration Of The Bar Headed Goose2007 Words   |  9 Pagesresponse to a mountain barrier Introduction Every year, birds of all types around the world are forced to migrate between breeding and wintering grounds as a survival mechanism. Seasonal variations in climate greatly impact conditions of life for birds, forcing them to brave these journeys despite the threat of predators and harsh conditions along the way (Alerstam Christie, 1993). To make their journeys even more difficult, birds often encounter large mountain barriers on their routes, forcingRead MoreThe Silk Road1345 Words   |  6 Pagesroutes had a strong impact that they lasted for over 1000 years. The greatness of both nations and their accomplishments economically are astonishing and have changed the history of the world through culture, war, disease, religion, and technology. Culturally the spread of languages and major religions in the world today traversed the Silk Road including Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Also, the scope of ideas and inventions like the crossbows, sail designs, infrastructure, an d government

Essay on Does Congress Have Too Much Power over Commerce

Narrow construction is not found in the Constitution, but the powers granted to Congress to regulate commerce are found. Exactly stated, Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes. This clause has no definite interpretation, but has included many aspects of regulating. The word commerce is defined as the exchange or buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place (Webster 264). Congress has exercised this delegated power in many cases. The nature and basic guidelines of Congress power over commerce is first laid out in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden. In addition, the case United States v. Lopez is a†¦show more content†¦This article, The Necessary and Proper Clause also known as The Elastic Clause, gives Congress the power to broaden its powers and keep Federal balance. Supreme Court Justice Marshall presents an argument that supports Congres s regulation over all commerce. He clearly says, It is the power to regulate; that is, to prescribe the rule by which commerce is to be governed. This power, like all others vested in Congress, is complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution. Where the Constitution states, Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several States, and with the Indian tribes, the word among means intermixed with. Commerce may concern more than one state, therefore Congress needs to act within the territorial jurisdiction of the several states The Supreme Court held that the power of Congress includes navigation within its limits in every State. Any state activity that attempts to regulate interstate commerce is completely unconstitutional because in dealing with interstate commerce, it can be inferred from the Constitution that the Federal government must regulate inte rstate commerce. The Constitution did not provide states with the power to regulate commerce between states so it is imperative that the federal government intercedes. Although the onlyShow MoreRelated Does Congress Have Too Much Power Over Commerce? Essay2331 Words   |  10 PagesDoes Congress Have Too Much Power Over Commerce? Works Cited Missing Narrow construction is not found in the Constitution, but the powers granted to Congress to regulate commerce are found. Exactly stated, â€Å"Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.† This clause has no definite interpretation, but has included many aspects of regulating. The word â€Å"commerce† is defined as the exchange or buying and selling of commoditiesRead MoreHealth Care And Affordable Care Act1714 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"In 2010, Congress enacted the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in order to increase the number of Americans covered by health insurance and decrease the cost of health care† (Supreme Court Opinion, 1). In America, it is a basic necessity to possess health care, logically, Congress would like to make such a necessity more accessible to Americans. Due to a divided government, there are variant views on whether this is necessary and just. He alth care benefits all Americans; it is just a matterRead MoreThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Obama Has Gone Too Far1411 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact will unfold over the next seven to 10 years and we all need to pay attention so we don’t get hit with unexpected cost.† This Act immediately affects small businesses dramatically. The new law focuses on employers with more than 50 employees. Due to that, small businesses will need to exert a significant amount of time and energy to learn and correct them to comply with the requirements. This can be extremely costly. This law is costly to large businesses as well. If you have more than 50 employeesRead MoreThe Powers Of The Legislative Branch1231 Words   |  5 Pages1) The powers of the Legislative Branch a. Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) This clause was created to give the Congress powers to do everything that is considered as necessary and important. With this clause, Congress can create laws and have power to make actions in situations where the Constitution does not give permission to act. The clause is also called the Elastic Clause. The draft of this clause brought disputes between anti-federalists, who believed that theRead MoreParagraph 8 Of Constitution And Its Effect On The Economy1548 Words   |  7 Pageshighly increased the power of congress. Though the clause 1, the first power given to congress by the Constitution is the power to tax, and Congress also has the power to levy tariffs but it’s not allowed to charge more for imports into one state than into another. Then congress control the nation’s Finance and it’s make it has enough power to effect the politic. In the clause 2, congress are able to borrow money on the credit of the United State. It’s does offer any politic power to use, but its helpRead MoreThe Issue Of National Supremacy1258 Words   |  6 Pagesinterstate and foreign commerce. Gibbons v. Ogden centers on the question of the meaning of the word commerce. It concerns whether a state government can make an exclusive contract with an individual for a steamboat line that runs between New York and New Jersey on its waterways. An issue arises when New Jersey wants to make a contract with someone going back and forth from New York to New Jersey. The issue the Supreme Court needed to decide was who help the power to regulate bodies of waterRead More Congress Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Congress in the United States. It serves many roles such as making laws, implementing national policy and watching over the other two branches of government. These are just a few of the duties of our U.S. Congress. Although they are essential to our government, there are potential problems. People are not always satisfied with the length of time involved in passing a law as well as the deadlock Congress can experience on an issue. Another potential problem people see with Congress is representationRead MoreSean Manzelli Upon considering whether the Constitution in its current form should be ratified,1700 Words   |  7 Pagesimmediately annulled as the document offers state governments too much power, and under the Constitution, a more powerful central government will provide checks for state power. Although some may agree the Constitution may ultimately trump all state powers granted by specific clauses, the states are not completely consolidated. Some argue congress may be well versed on the systems of government, but representation is not fair as the House is too small and limited to the elite society. Finally, a bill ofRead MoreDepartment Of Nutrition Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pagessystem of separation of powers, however sometimes those powers get more tied together than they are supposed to be. President Pisapia’s new Department of Nutrition has brought these branches together, involving party partisanship. Pisapia and the National Party are supporters of this Department, competing ag ainst the American Party. This Department led to a close battle in the Court, but it is eventually declared legal. However, now that the American Party has come into power in the House, the pathRead MoreLegislative Branch Rules Everything Around Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesto the framers of the Constitution, who are the Founding Fathers. They wanted to form a government that did not allow one person or group to have too much control and authority. The Articles of Confederation was created and taught them that there was no need to have a centralized government. The Framers wrote the Constitution to provide Separation of Powers. It each has its own responsibilities of its own yet at the same time, they work together to make the country better and run smoothly. In lots

Implementations of Cloud Computing in Business-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing for Business. Answer: Introduction In the modern world of business and transactions, data security matters a lot when it comes to keeping the confidentiality of information. The recent trend of data security and management has been using the cloud computing technique in order to reduce the unnecessary burden of storing the data on local servers and physical devices. The assignment has included different considerations that need to be made while storing the data on cloud computing servers and networks. It also includes some of the technical details and origination of the concept of cloud computing. The different phases of evolution of this technology have been briefed about in this assignment. Project Objective To analyse the importance of cloud computing in the modern era of business To portray the strength of cloud in order to streamline the entire IT processes for making the daily work of business much smoother To demonstrate the data security as well as privacy in businesses across the globe with the help of cloud To recommend different ways by which cloud infrastructure can be renovated for further development in businesses Project Scope The following assignment has majorly focused on the advantages and disadvantages of using cloud computing in different sectors of business. This study has included the details related to different types of computer servers along with their types of applications. The business operations of different companies are likely to be different and henceforth, the requirements of data storage and security have to be managed accordingly. This assignment covers the different topics and details that have enlightened the learner about the areas and parameters that are necessary to consider before choosing a form of data storage and cloud computing server. Introduction The following chapter has discussed different uses and implementations of Cloud Computing in Business domain. It includes different advantages that can be availed by an organisation that uses cloud computing. The different challenges that are faced by the users while using this technology along with major security concerns have also been included. Moreover, the precautions that are to be taken by an organisation or user at every level in order to keep the data and information secure have been talked about in this part of the study. This has included some figures in order to describe the deployment of cloud computing for making business better and convenient for both supplier and user. Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by researcher) Definition and Origin of Cloud Computing In a laymans term, cloud computing refers to the usage of a network based on remote servers that are hosted over the Internet. This is used for storing the data over the Internet based server instead of some physical hard drives, personal computers or other devices. According to Rittinghouse and Ransome (2016, p.62), apart from just storing the data, the cloud computing allows the user to manage as well as processing of the data over the Internet itself. Cloud computing can also be termed as a central management or virtually management of software defined pools as well as data center resources. The foundation stone of Cloud Computing was laid in the late 1990s when a minor group of technical experts and executives from and organisation named Compaq Computers plotted the idea for Cloud Computing (Coronel and Morris, 2016, p.129). They believed it to be the future of Internet based business and other operations and transactions. Initially, the technology of using cloud based computing was available only for storing data. However, with the daily advancements being made in the sector of computing and software domain, the usage of cloud computing started for apps, data management, online security and data processing. As stated by Hameed et al. (2016, p.762), the concept of cloud computing started to be adopted by many leading software organizations in the Silicon Valley and soon the companies like IBM, Oracle and even Amazon started to deliver their services related to Cloud Computing. In the modern world, almost every leading company from all various domains and segments are taking the help of cloud computing to operate their business. As per de Bruin and Floridi (2017, p.30), there are many advantages that can be enjoyed by companies that avail the services of Cloud Computing. The major one in the retention of data that is provided by cloud computing. This means that the data is never lost in cloud computing unlike other hardware storage options. Cloud Computing Service and Deployment Models There are three service models of cloud computing. The usage of these service models depend upon the types of operations that are carried out by a user or company. Software as a Service: In this particular service also known as the SaaS, the applications can be access from different devices used by various clients with the help of either a program interface or a web browser, which is also a thin client interface. The underlying cloud infrastructure like storage, servers, networks and operating systems are not controlled or managed by the consumer. However, some limited configuration settings can be done as per the user specific constraints (Tassabehji and Hackney, 2016, p.49). Platform as a Service: This is the capability that is provided to any user to utilise the acquired or consumer created applications onto a cloud infrastructure. Quite similar to the SaaS, this service also known as PaaS, does not lets the cloud computing user to control or manage the network servers, storage facilities and operating systems. The user however can control the configurations settings of deployed applications in case of application hosting environment (Senyo et al. 2016, p.519). Infrastructure as a Service: In the IaaS service of cloud computing, the consumer is able to run as well as deploy arbitrary software. The consumer or user of the services has command to process the storages and networks as well as some resources of fundamental computing. Despite the fact that the users are not able to control or manage the underlying infrastructure of clouds, they can control operating systems and deployed applications along with the host firewall (Sookhak et al. 2017, p.283). Figure 2: Service Models of Cloud (Source: Sookhak et al. 2017, p.285) Very similar to the Cloud Computing Services, there are certain Deployment Models that represent the different variables like environment of cloud, access types, sizes and ownerships. There are four different types of Cloud deployment models depending on their sizes and ownership types. Private Cloud: The Private Cloud infrastructure is usually provided for the use of a single firm that consists of numerous units like Business Units. This cloud computing deployment model can be controlled by a company, third party or even in a combined form. As mentioned by Umair et al. (2016, p.110), private Cloud can exist on and even off premises. Community Cloud: The Community deployment model is used by a particular community of users that belong to different companies with similar challenges and concerns. The concerns can be policies, security requirements and compliance considerations. Stergiou and Psannis (2017, p.520) has stated that this cloud can be administered by a single or multiple companies or even a third party. Public Cloud: The Public Cloud computing deployment model is open for use for general population. Cao et al. (2017, p.56) has opined that the administrative functions of Public Cloud can be managed and controlled by a public business firm or even an academic organisation. This model exists on the cloud providers premises. Hybrid Cloud: The hybrid model of a cloud is usually a combination of any two or more different infrastructures of cloud. According to Scholtz and Atukwase (2016, p.81), the different infrastructures remain as unique entities that are bound together with the usage of proprietary or standardized technology which enables the portability of application and data. Figure 2: Cloud Deployment Models (Source: Scholtz and Atukwase 2016, p.82) Critical Analysis of Strengths and Advantages of Cloud computing in current Business era Due to the increase in data storage needs and requirements, it can be stated that Cloud computing has become an integral part of almost every modern day business. According to Soomro et al. (2016, p.222), cloud computing is being used nowadays from storing of data information to communicating between different stakeholders that are a part of a business. In addition, many other operations like generations of new services as well as products are also developed for the betterment of business so that the profit margins for businessmen can be enhanced along with satisfaction among the customers. Wang et al. (2016, p.376) has stated that proper management of Big Data is nowadays done by the methods of cloud computing. This is because the technology of cloud computing provides many features and options that are very user friendly in terms of database management as well as speed of operations. Following are the three most important areas that can be worked upon via cloud computing to make th e business more convenient and user friendly. Reduction in management of Hard Drives and Data Centers: This feature of Cloud Computing can be stated in terms of ease of doing business from the services supplier point of view. The repair and maintenance of hard drives and locally based servers are very high as the labor costs involved in it are quite expensive. As per Milani and Navimipour (2016, p.89), the cost of server maintenance has increased almost 4 times than what was in 1996. The main reason for this huge escalation in price has been deduced as increased complications in server based technology. Moreover, the reductions in sizes of servers are also considered as a major reason for the escalation in maintenance cost. Deployment of cloud based servers enables the software giant companies like Google, Microsoft, IBM, Facebook and many others to store the data and information without spending too much on the storage and maintenance of their data. Moreover, the space which is needed to keep the server platforms are also reduc ed (Tutorialspoint.com, 2017). This ultimately results into reduction in costs that are involved in storing, maintenance and repair of business data. Efficient handling of Exponential Growth of Data Volumes: In the modern business domain, the daily operations result into the tremendous increase in amount of data that is stored while carrying out data operations. Using of conventional data storage devices causes data redundancy. In addition, Loai et al. (2016, p.6174) has mentioned that there are certain drawbacks regarding usage of hard drives and data server as there is a high risk of data redundancy. In case of cloud computing, there are usually a number of loops that can be implemented to prevent data redundancy. Moreover, this platform provides multiple ways of classification and categorizing of data that is very helpful for putting the useless data inside the trash automatically. In addition, Arpaci (2016, p.155 ) has stated that disk defragmentation no longer needs to be done as the space is automatically arranged and similar types of files are stored in a similar manner. More productive Application Developers: The cloud computing technology helps the developers to develop and deploy the applications in a better and a comparatively faster manner. As per Rittinghouse and Ransome (2016, p.157), the cloud applications that are deployed by developers can also be updated very easily. The prime gainers of this technology have been the mobile users. Applications from every language and domain can be instantly deployed after being developed. With the change in requirements of the users and application, it becomes sometimes very necessary to make some amendments and introduce some updates. This can instantly by sending the notifications regarding the new updates. Arpaci (2016, p.151) has further included to this by adding that the new notifications and features can be installed in the already existing versions application just by updating it. Security concerns and other disadvantages of Cloud Computing along with privacy techniques There are certain things and parameters that a user or an organisation needs to be very careful about using cloud computing. Numerous forms of external attacks and hijackings can be done in case of online servers. Hence, it is very important to keep the operations secure. Following are some of the challenges that can be faced by users while using cloud computing. Hacking of online servers: According to Al-Shargabi and Sabri (2016, p.32), any computer that is connected to internet is prone to online hacking by external threats and security hackers. Hence, it is necessary for the users to have adequate knowledge regarding the possible methods that can be used by hackers to attack the cloud computing servers of any organisation. Distributed Denial of server attacks: This type of attacks can be considered as the most common way of thrashing a server. As mentioned by Milani and Navimipour (2016, p.97), the most vulnerable sites or servers are the online shopping websites that can come under the attack of false bots via DDoS. Chances of Virus and Malware attacks: Every online connected device can potentially get under the attack of virus and malwares that can potentially infect the files and other stored data. As opined by Sookhak et al. (2017, p.280), the malwares and other harmful virus can damage the system including compromising with data security and slow down of systems. Citing the recommendations to renovate cloud infrastructure for business development In order to make proper and gainful use of Cloud Computing technology for business and other purposes, it is very important that the service provider companies as well as the users put in their responsible efforts. The service providers need to ensure that the cloud based platforms are made as convenient for the users. On the other hand, the users must be careful about sharing their server passwords with external users and potential attackers. Moreover, any type of unknown or suspicious notification should not be clicked by a user. The security of servers from external attackers and false bots should be taken care of with the help of specialized companies. The users should also keep their system protection updated and keep the antivirus settings as per the requirements of their systems and servers. Literature Gap The above study does not include the technical details of cloud computing and different variables associated to it. The programming variables and coding languages associated to cloud computing have not been primarily focused on. These components can be very helpful for the students and researchers that are into core computing domain. Moreover, the operations of cloud computing can be understood in a better manner by going through technical details. Conclusion After completing the above study related to cloud computing and its significance in business domain, it can be said that using cloud based server has many advantages over using offline data storage methods. It needs to be noted that the users need to be careful about the process and techniques. However, from the overall perspective, cloud computing is far better than another ways. Entire study will assist in developing a proper idea regarding cloud computing. Advancement in technology has occurred very fast and cloud computing is an example of such technology. Implications of cloud can be considered as a boon for every business house thereby, ensuring proper process of executing business in modern times. Reference List Al-Shargabi, B. and Sabri, O., (2016). A study of Adopting Cloud Computing from Enterprise Perspective using Delone and Mclean IS Success Model.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,14, p.32. Arpaci, I., (2016). Understanding and predicting students' intention to use mobile cloud storage services.Computers in Human Behavior,58, pp.150-157. Cao, Q., Schniederjans, D.G. and Schniederjans, M., (2017). Establishing the use of cloud computing in supply chain management.Operations Management Research,10(1-2), pp.47-63. Coronel, C. and Morris, S., (2016).Database systems: design, implementation, management. Birmingham: Cengage Learning. de Bruin, B. and Floridi, L., (2017). The ethics of cloud computing.Science and engineering ethics,23(1), pp.21-39. Hameed, A., Khoshkbarforoushha, A., Ranjan, R., Jayaraman, P.P., Kolodziej, J., Balaji, P., Zeadally, S., Malluhi, Q.M., Tziritas, N., Vishnu, A. and Khan, S.U., (2016). A survey and taxonomy on energy efficient resource allocation techniques for cloud computing systems.Computing,98(7), pp.751-774. Loai, A.T., Mehmood, R., Benkhlifa, E. and Song, H., (2016). Mobile cloud computing model and big data analysis for healthcare applications.IEEE Access,4, pp.6171-6180. Milani, A.S. and Navimipour, N.J., (2016). Load balancing mechanisms and techniques in the cloud environments: Systematic literature review and future trends.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,71, pp.86-98. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., (2016).Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. London: CRC press. Scholtz, B. and Atukwase, D., (2016). An Analysis of the Perceived Benefits and Drawbacks of Cloud ERP Systems: A South African Study. InInformation Technology in Environmental Engineering, 73(2)pp. 75-87. Senyo, P.K., Effah, J. and Addae, E., (2016). Preliminary insight into cloud computing adoption in a developing country.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,29(4), pp.505-524. Sookhak, M., Yu, F.R., Khan, M.K., Xiang, Y. and Buyya, R., (2017). Attribute-based data access control in mobile cloud computing: Taxonomy and open issues.Future Generation Computer Systems,72, pp.273-287. Soomro, Z.A., Shah, M.H. and Ahmed, J., (2016). Information security management needs more holistic approach: A literature review.International Journal of Information Management,36(2), pp.215-225. Stergiou, C. and Psannis, K.E., (2017). Recent advances delivered by mobile cloud computing and internet of things for big data applications: a survey.International Journal of Network Management,27(3). pp.515-542. Tassabehji, R. and Hackney, R., (2016). Hey You? Get Off My Cloud: Evaluation of Cloud Service Models for Business Value within Pharma X.Journal of Advances in Management Sciences Information Systems,2, pp.48-52. Tutorialspoint.com, (2017), Cloud Computing Tutorial [Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cloud_computing/] (Accessed on 16 August 2017) Umair, S., Muneer, U., Zahoor, M.N. and Malik, A.W., (2016). Mobile Cloud Computing Future Trends and Opportunities. InManaging and Processing Big Data in Cloud Computing, 56(4)pp. 105-120. Wang, C., Wood, L.C., Abdul-Rahman, H. and Lee, Y.T., (2016). When traditional information technology project managers encounter the cloud: Opportunities and dilemmas in the transition to cloud services.International Journal of Project Management,34(3), pp.371-388.

Why We Love Northwesterns Location and Culture

Northwestern University may be located in the midwest with harsh winters, but that doesnt take anything away from its location and student culture. See why these Northwestern Wildcats fell in love their campus and love being part of its student body: Allym896 Northwestern ‘18 Northwestern University is in an amazing location. You really get the quiet, safer environment immediately around you, as Evanston is a very nice suburb, but youre only an hour away from the great Chicago. Chicago has a great culture, rich in history and arts and activity. There are so many amazing opportunities in Chicago, and so much culture to explore, but you can always, at the end of the day, come back to Evanston and feel safe and at home. Culture at Northwestern is a little intense: everyone is ultra-busy and theres a bit of a competitive edge as to who can be the busiest and who can achieve the most. Support for students is there, but not as forward and encouraging as it could be. Altogether, its an exciting place to be, as students are always active. The arts scene is huge and there are always various shows or performances. SamAtNU Northwestern ‘17 There are so many great things about Northwestern, not the least of which is its location. Evanston is a great college town with endless restaurants, bars, stores, entertainment, etc. Having a CVS, Whole Foods, Cinemark, and a Burger King all within walking distance is really great. Chicago is just a 30 min train ride away and has endless things for you to explore. Also NU is situated right on Lake Michigan, which is pretty cool, and the campus is stunning. The culture at Northwestern is a perfect mix of work hard, play hard. Everyone is very serious about studying and most are pretty serious about partying. Whatever you are in to you can find like minded people here and the community is extremely accepting. Areckburg Northwestern ‘17 I love Northwestern. We have the perfect location being so close to Chicago. We are close enough to utilize it, without all the hectic of being in the city itself. Our culture is fantastic here too. It is the perfect mix of studying and fun. We work super hard during the week, but then we have fun on the weekends. ssgnay Northwestern ‘15 My school has a student body of very high achieving and competitive people. The student body really pushes you to be your best by being surrounded by intelligent, hard working, and creative people every single day. At the same time, Northwestern school has wonderful people who will give you a home away from home, be your best friends and give you a sense of community and family. The school is located near Chicago, so there are many professional opportunities for students during the school year and over the summer to intern with great companies that recruit specifically from northwestern. The city also has a lot of great cultural activities such as museums and shows, a great restaurant scene, lively nightlife, and a great lake that you can enjoy for the beach, boating activities, or views during the summer months. Going to school right outside the city is great, because we have a nice, clean, beautiful campus but are so close to Chicago that all the perks of the city are accessible. RachNU Northwestern ‘16 Evanston is incredible. Theres no other way to put it - its one of my favorite places on the planet. You couldnt ask for more in a college town! Theres good shopping, great dining, and complete safety. While people claim town-gown relations could be better, Ive always felt welcome in Evanston. Many businesses provide student discounts, and are eager to partner with student groups for hosting and donating to fundraisers. Of course, the proximity to Chicago is unreal - a free, 40 minute shuttle ride gets you to one of the top US cities. The city provides incredible leisure options, but also has many job opportunities. This term, I work part-time downtown while taking a couple of classes on campus, and have already been offered a job post-graduation. Are you looking to apply to Northwestern? Choosing where to go to college is an incredibly important decision. Make an informed choice by accessing our database of 60,000+ successfulcollege application files. See what they wrote about it in their application essays, what they advise about applying to college in general, and what they recommend about their own school!

Lousi riel essays

Lousi riel essays Louis Riel should not have been hung because he represented those who couldnt represent themselves. Louis Riel was disappointed with the way the Mtis were, so he took it upon himself to represent the Mtis and their rights. Even though the actions that followed, such as keeping the new governor out the colony, was illegal and very wrong. Riel risked it for the rights of the Mtis. As for Thomas Scott, Riel has absolutely no legal right to have him shot, but Riel himself never touched a gun for that purpose. He had a firing squad shoot Scott. Although, Riel may have ordered the squad to shoot, but the men could have backed down, no matter how powerful Riel seemed. After the rebellion, he was elected by Manitoba to sit in the House of Commons. Riel went to Ottawa but was not allowed to sit as a member in the House, for he was threatened by many to be shot if he appeared in the House. This was the mistake of the government. They should have sopped the nonsense and threats. For ! Riel was a man of ideas. He was a man who was knowledged in the government. It was obvious since he formed his own government. Riel would have been an asset to the Canadian government. In 1884, Gabriel Dumont rode to Montana and asked Riel to defend the Mtis once again. Riel returned to help the natives once more. Riel was risking capture when he returned. This was a very noble act on his part. Instead of staying nice and safe in Montana, Riel gave up his safety for the Mtis. Riel decided to try an unviolent approach this time instead of starting an all out rebellion. Riel and the Mtis drew up a petition and presented it to the government. The petition, which demanded more food and money for the natives, was looked over but not acted upon. The petition was fair in all parts but the government turned it down. It only demanded that what belonged to the natives be returned. In early 1885, Riel formed another pro ...

Things a Successful School Principal Does Differently

Things a Successful School Principal Does Differently Being a principal has its challenges. It is not an easy profession. It is a high-stress job that most people are not equipped to handle. A principal’s job description is broad. They have their hands in virtually everything related to students, teachers, and parents. They are the chief decision-maker in the building. A successful school principal does things differently. As with any other profession, there are those principals who excel at what they do and those who lack the skills necessary to be successful. Most principals are in the middle of that range. The best principals have a particular mindset and a leadership philosophy that allows them to be successful. They utilize a combination of strategies that make themselves and others around them better thus allowing them to be successful. Surround Themselves with Good Teachers Hiring good teachers makes a principal’s job easier in virtually every aspect. Good teachers are solid disciplinarians, they communicate well with parents, and they provide their students with a quality education. Each of these things makes a principal’s job easier. As a principal, you want a building full of teachers that you know are doing their job. You want teachers that are 100% committed to being effective teachers in every aspect. You want teachers who not only do their job well but are willing to go above and beyond the core requirements to ensure that every student is successful. Simply put, surrounding yourself with good teachers makes you look better, makes your job easier, and allows you to manage other aspects of your job. Lead by Example As a principal, you are the leader of the building. Every person in the building is watching how you go about your daily business. Build a reputation for being the hardest worker in your building. You should almost always be the first one to arrive and the last one to leave. It is essential that others know how much you love your job. Keep a smile on your face, maintain a positive attitude, and handle adversity with grit and perseverance. Always maintain professionalism. Be respectful to everyone and embrace differences. Be the model for fundamental qualities such as organization, efficiency, and communication. Think Outside the Box Never put limitations on yourself and your teachers. Be resourceful and find creative ways to meet needs when issues arise. Do not be afraid to think outside the box. Encourage your teachers to do the same. Successful school principals are elite problem solvers. Answers do not always come easy.  You have to utilize the resources creatively you have or figure out ways to get new resources to meet your needs. A terrific problem solver never dismisses another person’s idea or suggestion. Instead, they seek out and value input from others cooperatively creating solutions to problems. Work With People As a principal, you have to learn to work with all different types of people. Each person has their own personality, and you must learn to work effectively with each type. The best principals are able to read people well, figure out what motivates them, and strategically plant seeds that will eventually blossom into success. Principals must work with every stakeholder in the community. They should be skilled listeners who value feedback and use it to make recognizable changes. Principals should be on the front lines, working with the stakeholders to improve both their community and school. Delegate Appropriately Being a principal can be overwhelming. This is often amplified as principals by nature are typically control freaks. They have high expectations on how things should be done making it difficult to let others take the lead role. Successful principals are able to get past this because they realize there is value in delegating. First of all, it shifts the burden of responsibility from you, freeing you up to work on other projects. Next, you can strategically make individuals responsible for projects that you know fit their strengths and will help build their confidence. Finally, delegating reduces your overall workload, which in turn keeps your stress level at a minimum. Create and Enforce Proactive Policies Every principal should be an adept policy writer. Each school is different and has their own unique needs in terms of policy. Policy works best when it is written and enforced in such a way that very few want to take the chance to receive the attached consequences. Most principals will spend a large part of their day dealing with student discipline. Policy should be seen as a deterrent to distractions that interrupt learning. Successful principals are proactive in their approach to policy writing and student discipline. They recognize potential problems and address them before they become a significant issue. Look for Long-Term Solutions to Problems A quick fix is seldom the right solution. Long-term solutions require more time and effort in the beginning. However, they typically save you time in the long run, because you won’t have to deal with it as much in the future. Successful principals think two to three steps ahead. They address the little picture by fixing the large picture. They look beyond the specific circumstance to get to the cause of the problem.  They understand that taking care of the core problem may head off several smaller issues down the road, potentially saving both time and money. Become an Information Hub Principals have to experts in many different areas including content and policy. Successful principals are a wealth of information. They stay up-to-date on the latest educational research, technology, and trends. Principals should at least have a working knowledge of the content being taught in each grade for which they are responsible. They follow educational policy at both the state and locals areas. They keep their teachers informed and are able to offer tips and strategies concerning best classroom practices. Teachers respect principals who understand the content they are teaching. They appreciate when their principal offers well thought out, applicable solutions to problems they may be having in the classroom. Maintain Accessibility As a principal, it is easy to get so busy that you shut your office door to try and get a few things done. This is perfectly acceptable as long as it isn’t done a regular basis. Principals must be accessible to all stakeholders including teachers, staff members, parents, and especially students. Every principal should have an open door policy. Successful principals understand that building and maintaining healthy relationships with everyone you work with is a key component to having an outstanding school. Being in high demand comes with the job. Everyone will come to you when they need something or when there is a problem. Always make yourself available, be a good listener, and most importantly follow through on a solution. Students are the First Priority Successful principals keep students as their number one priority. They never deviate from that path. All expectations and actions are directed to better students both individually and as a whole. Student safety, health, and academic growth are our most fundamental duties. Every decision that is made has to take the impact it will make on a student or group of students into account. We are there to nurture, counsel, discipline, and educate each and every student. As a principal, you must never lose sight of the fact that students should always be our focal point.

Reward and Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Reward and Performance - Essay Example In contrast, survey carried out by Kenneth Kovach depicted that employee's ranked good wages fifth among their top ten job reward factors. Therefore, there appears to be a difference in ideology of what motivates employees (Kovach, 1995). Motivation revels when in an organisation considers all factors affecting performance. (Ruebusch, 2003). These factors include individual needs, nature of the job i.e. degree of job challenge and goal clarity, job design, job security, organisational climate, a sense of personal significance, stability of expectations, recognition, trust, honest communication, dignity and respect, as well as an equitable reward system which will be discussed in great detail in the proposed thesis. The exigency to motivate employees with desirable rewards has hitherto salvaged a significant level of importance; this is because rewards can serve as motivators but could also have negative reactions should that supposed merit falls below employee's expectations. Therefore, this thesis seeks to examine the impact of valued rewards on performance in the banking industry utilizing the expectancy theory and two factor theory of motivation framework, while introducing other factors that influence the activity levels of performance. From my critical research on the literature on motivation, as well as the growing need by managers to find solutions to the question how do they motivate employees, I discovered a few conjectures that need to be addressed and elaborated upon in this dissertation. One aim is to ascertain the impact of valued rewards on individual and organisational performance and its effect on productivity and profitability. Then, conjuring strategies that improvises and sustains performance through the establishment of feedback channels, employee training and a friendly work environment can provide a breeding ground for trust. The examination of other variables besides rewards that affect performance such as the aforementioned job security and recognition among others must be in order so that variables can withstand and make a difference through the test of time. Finally, the determination of what rewards employees consider valuable enough to influence behaviour will allow management to be very sel ective to rewards that can profit the workers. Business organisations still face a lot of difficulties in the area of employee motivation. This poses a dilemma for employees' control of other factors of production in order to achieve goals, greater productivity and higher profits. In order to motivate people you must appeal to their deepest desires (Ruebusch, 2003). Managers should not expect a standard compensation plan or incentive program to have the similar effect on every employee. To procure top performance, compensation plans and incentive programs must be deftly tailored to meet the specific needs of each employee because employees of different ages and generational cohorts have varying needs over time (Jeffords et al, 1997). It has also been observed that extrinsic rewards have effect on employees to work proficiently. Therefore, this study will provide managers within the banking industry with a deeper insight into the needs of today's employees and rein them towards other reward trends which appear to boost employee mo rale and productivity. As highlighted by Herrera (2002), managers need to be concerned of the creation of workplace culture that

The Turnaround at Ford Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Turnaround at Ford - Term Paper Example From this paper it is clear that in the case of Ford, it was tougher because it was faced with two pronged issue, first is the harsh macroeconomic environment wrought by the financial crisis, second is the aggravation of competition that compelled auto companies to streamline their operations to remain competitive. In Ford’s case, their market share declined from 26% in the 1990s to a mere 14.8% in 2007. During the crisis, demand for high ticket items declined of which auto industry were among the worst hit and this resulted to the large-scale labor surplus at Ford because the demand significantly declined. During the precipitous decline of demand, Ford has to cut its production to avoid waste with the same manpower it had when it was operating in full capacity. Also, the decline in demand resulted in decline in sales that could no longer sustain its overheads in manpower.  Ford has decided to pursue employee buyouts and attrition in an attempt to shrink its workforce to mat ch its productivity demands. Why do you think Ford is using these two tactics? Do you think these are the best options for Ford to achieve its goals? Ford has to use this tactics because the demand declined. This is evident with their shrinking market share of a mere 14.8% from a 26% in the 1990s. They just cannot maintain the same overhead cost in terms of manpower when sales is declining. This is evident with their losses of $12.6 billion in 2006 and $2.7 billion in 2007. If they will not cut down their manpower according to the manpower requirement of the demand, loses will continue and it will not be long before Ford will get bankrupt. If that happens, Ford will instead have to let go all of its employees.

Walking to improve your health Essay Example for Free

Walking to improve your health Essay Hi, my name is Peter Dong. Today, I would like to share guys about using mobile phones while driving. I think we all have a cell phone. Before I get started, I would like to ask you guys this question, how many of you use mobile phone while driving? Not long ago, my friend, who lives in CA, had a fatal accident caused by phone while driving. So, I decided to share about you, what are the use of mobile while driving, the causes or problems using it, and how to prevent using mobile while driving. According to National Safety Council Study, about every 26 seconds a crash caused by drivers using phones while driving. What is distracted driving and how cell phones distracted drivers? Distracted driving is driving while doing another activity that takes your attention away from driving. Distraction occurs any time you take your eyes off the road, your hands off the wheel, and your mind off driving. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each day in the United States, more than 9 people are killed and more than 1060 people are injured in crashes that are reported to involve a distracted driver. 2012 Cell Phone and Driving Statistics In 2012, 3,328 people were killed in distraction-related crashes. About 421,000 people were injured in crashes involving a distracted driver. In 2012, 11% of drivers under age 20 involved in fatal accidents were reported to be distracted at the time of the crash. One-fourth of teenagers respond to at least one text message every time they drive and 20% of teens and 10% of parents report having multi-message text conversations while driving. How to prevent driving while using cell phones? Cell phone distracted driving has captured the attention of nation’s political leaders and employers and they are taking action: †¢ In December 2011, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended that all 50 states and the District of Columbia enact complete bans of all portable electronic devices for all drivers – including banning use of hands-free devices. †¢ While no state yet prohibits all drivers from any cell phone use, as of March 2012, 31 states prohibit teen drivers from any cell phone use,  including handheld and hands-free. †¢ The Federal Government has taken action. President Barack Obama issued an Executive order banning federal employees from texting while driving.16 Rules about employee use of cell phones while driving have been issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Federal Railroad Administration. †¢ A National Safety Council membership survey showed employers of all sizes, sectors and industries are implementing employee policies banning talking and texting while driving. †¢ Public opinion polls show a majority of the public support these efforts.

Essay --

Commentary on Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians 2 Kyle Camerlinck Jupiter Christian School Mr. Bryan White Bible 9 Introduction Author Paul, also known as Saul, was an apostle of God who wrote the book of Ephesians and was sent to set up churches for Him. He changed his name from Saul to Paul because he wanted to start his life over, follow God, and live for Him. He wanted to start over because he was known as a man who persecuted Christians. Saul did not even notice he was doing wrong until he started to reach Damascus and a voice yelled from the Heavens saying, â€Å"Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?† Saul answered back, â€Å"Who are you, Lord?† then the Lord answered, â€Å"I am Jesus whom you are persecuting. But, rise and enter the city, and you will be told what to do.† For three days Saul was made blind by Jesus and did not eat or drink. Then, Ananias walked into where Saul was staying and restored his sight, something like scales fell off his eyes and he could see. After being in Damascus with the disciples he proclaimed that Jesus is the one true God. Then, he fled to Jerusalem w here he joined the disciples with the help of Barnabas, changed his name to Paul and became a missionary to Christ. He set out on three missionary journeys where on his third, he was put under house arrest in Rome for two years where he wrote the book of Ephesians. After his release, he left, went to Spain, and was eventually persecuted and martyred by Nero. Date and Place of Writing Paul wrote Ephesians when he was in prison in Rome. He was there because Jews attacked him after his third missionary journey, but he was the one that got arrested. The epistle was written to the church in Ephesus, to help them with their unity. Thychicus deliver... ... showed all this and rewarded us so that one day we would be notice his kindness. The Christian is made alive in God and does good works for him. He does this to show his everlasting grace to everyone. Ephesians 2:8-9 For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast. (ESV) In verses 8 and 9 of Ephesians 2, Ephesians 2:10 For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for his good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them. (ESV) In verse 10 of Ephesians 2, Application Ephesians 2:1-10 is basically saying not to over use God’s grace. The verses say that God’s grace is a gift and even though every time you sin God gives you grace, you should not over use it. God wants you to good for Him, after all that is what he created you for.

Assignments Essay

Choose one scientist involved in formulating the modern periodic table and describe why their work made a significant contribution to the development of the periodic table. Dmitri Mendeleev’s contribution to the modern day periodic table is widely renowned in the history of chemical science. Mendeleev was the creator of the periodic table; arranging 63 known elements in order of their atomic mass. His discovery made a significant impact in the development of the periodic table as it set the foundation for further progress to occur in the future. Dmitri Mendeleev anticipated the existence of new elements to be discovered, therefore leaving gaps in the ascending order of elements. Mendeleev was the notable discoverer of isotopes and rare gasses. In summary, science is a blend of logic and imagination and Mendeleev demonstrated these attributes through developing the periodic table (Western Oregon University, 2012). Dmitri Mendeleev’s creation of the periodic table was considered one of the greatest triumphs in chemistry history as it allowed for further exploration to begin. Why do you think the development of the periodic table required input from a range of different people? As many are aware, the development of the periodic table required numerous scientists such as John Newlands and Julius Lothar Mieyer. If not for these men, Mendeleev’s table would not be as accurate as it is today. As time progressed, technology advanced scientists’ discovered noble gasses and determined each elements atomic number. Many scientists played a vital role in developing our modern day periodic table as each person had a different knowledge and understanding of chemistry. To conclude, the periodic table was never one man’s discovery, but the result of numerous scientists’ explorations and experimentations. Each played a vital part in challenging/confirming the theories of their predecessors, recognising different patterns and properties between different elements. How did improvements in technology influence the development of the periodic table? With the improvement in technology from the 1800’s through to present day the development of the periodic table has undergone significant changes. Since the development of the table by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, scientists have utilised new technologies to produce a more accurate representation of the chemical elements. Scientists such as William Ramsay, who discovered noble gasses, drastically changed the periodic table adding a whole new group. In 1913, Henry Mosely significantly affected the periodic table with his discovery of nuclear charge. Ultimately, the most technological change is attributed to Glen Seaborg in 1940. His work on the discovery of atomic number reconfigured the periodic table, awarding him the noble prize in chemistry in 1951. Without technological advancements such as nuclear reactors, telescope and the chemical bonds system (Alexander Crum Brow)). Seaborg possibly would not have been able to discover what he did. In summary, the advancement in technology has importantly altered Mendeleev’s original periodic table and will most likely continue with new synthetic elements being added. Briefly describe information we now have about atoms that was not available to earlier scientists who were identifying patterns and trends within early versions of the periodic table. What trends could they see, compared to what we now know? In the 20th Century, scientists have a greater understanding of atoms and the patterns they follow compared to those who invented the early versions of the periodic table. It was noted in the early 1800’s, that matter consisted of lumpy particles called atoms. Towards the end of the century, J. J Thompson discovered electrons and their negative charge. He hypothesised that atoms would therefore contain positive charged particles. In 1869, scientists began to recognised patterns in properties originating from a number of known elements, eventually developing the classification methods. During the early versions of the periodic table, it was determined by Henry Mosely to arrange elements in order of their atomic number. This pattern followed the periodic table concept more accurately than the arrangement of atomic weight. Another notable trend originated from glen Seaborg in the 1940’s. Seaborg artificially produced new heavy mass elements such as neptunium and plutonium. Thus creating a new block in the table called ‘antinides’. To conclude our knowledge of atoms, their structure and patterns they form in the periodic table originating from the 18th century has developed. Essay Part This essay will provide a clear insight into the element of chlorine. It will include detail on the history of chlorine, its’ structure, position on the periodic table and the ions formed. The element of Chlorine was discovered quite early compared to many other elements. Carl Wilhelm Scheele first produced the element in 1774 in Sweden. Scheele came across this element after combining the mineral pyrolusite and hydrochloric acid together. He discovered that this new gas reacted with metals, dissolved slightly in water and bleached flowers and leaves. At first, Scheele believed that the gas produced was oxygen, however Sir Humphry Davy proved in 1810 that this gas was new. Sir Davy then went on to name the new substance Chlorine after the Greek word (Chloros) meaning greenish yellow. Chlorine’s element structure is similar to other elements that are situated in the halogens group on the periodic table. This element comprises an atomic number of 17 and weight of 35. 5. Chlorine is known to be an extremely reactive gas therefore providing reasons as to why it directly combines with the majority of other elements except for the noble gasses. This element is arranged into three shells. The first two shells are filled with electrons. Meanwhile the third contains only seven electrons. Chlorine is a naturally occurring element, arising in the Earth’s crust and seawater. It’s abundance in the Earth is about 100-300 parts per million (Chemistry Explained, 2013). This element is considerably well known to be a dense gas, containing a density rating of 3. 21g per litre. Chlorine is quite a strong oxidizing agent. In other words, it is notorious for taking on electrons from other substances. Nevertheless, the element chlorine’s specific element structure dictates as to why it is positioned within the halogens group. Chlorine has been specifically positioned within the periodic table situated in group 17 because it belongs to the halogens family. It is known to be the second lightest element in the halogens group. Chlorine is situated in this group because it contains similar chemical properties to other halogen family members. Some chemical and physical properties of these elements are; that are very reactive, they contain seven valence electrons, they are poor conductors and they are brittle when solid. Chlorine has a melting point of -100. 98Â °Cand a boiling point of -34. Â °C. Chlorine is heavier than air and proved very effective as a chemical weapon in the trenches and fox holes dug in World War One. Chlorine has been specifically positioned towards the top end of the halogens as it holds a notably low atomic number compared to other elements that are also a part of the same group. In summary, Mendeleev and Seaborg essentially position chlorine within the halogens group due to its similar characteristics. The elements included in the halogens group are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Fluorine and chlorine, both have seven valence electrons in their outer shell. That seven-electron trait applies to all of the halogens. They are all just one electron shy of having full shells. The halogens have the trait of combining with many different elements. They are very reactive. You will often find them bonding with metals and elements from Group One of the periodic table. Fluorine is the most reactive of the halogens and reactivity decreases as you move down the column. Therefore, Chlorine is the second most reactive. As the atomic number increases, the atoms get bigger. Their chemical properties change just a small amount when compared to the element right above them on the table. Chlorine forms a negative ion by reason of a greater amount of electrons than protons. This atom has 17 protons and electrons. Due to the last unfilled electron shell, this element transforms into a negative ion. In simpler terms, a negative ion contains one more electron than proton. In scientific language, a negative ion is otherwise known as an anion. Chlorine is converted into an ion once gaining an extra electron from a different element. This process is essential for creating an ionic bond. Chlorine’s ion is known to be extremely soluble in water, thus giving reasons as to why it bonds with sodium, forming sodium chloride. The ionic bond that forms is measured in terms of valence, meaning how much an element wants to bond with another element. To summarise, chlorine and sodium are a direct example of an ionic bond that forms when two ions chemically attach together. The uses of chlorine in everyday life are vast and continue to be used world-wide specifically for maintaining a clean swimming pool environment and many uses as a cleaning agent.

Discrimination at the Workplace Essay

Discrimination is described as an illegal treatment because of prejudices based from a number of factors, such as gender, sex, religious beliefs, disabilities and many more (Goree, 2007). In the case of Julie’s friend, Bandu, the prejudice and discrimination given to him was based on his ethnic roots, being an Indian-born in an American region. The application was then rejected without him being called for an interview or a test of some sort. For someone like Julie, an employee who knows the capabilities of her friend, her boss’s decision is something that is unethical and inappropriate for the present day of the employment world. But there are many factors that should be considered before deciding the appropriate action for a case like this. There are two sides, that of the employer and the about-to-be employee that should be understood and thought over. Each has their own points and thesis that must be incorporated to get a win-win situation. Firstly, Julie should be as professional as possible and not be biased just because the rejected applicant is her friend. There should also be no trace of favoritism on Julie’s side, because that would just add another unethical instance. Favoritism happens when a certain advantage is held by someone having an edge because of certain factors (Goree, 2007). Bandu is Julie’s friend, and even though Julie is not the employer, there is still that possibility that she might influence the decision of her boss in favoring her friend. This potentiality of favoritism can be avoided by marking the line between referencing and heavy influencing. References are people which the employer can call or talk to ask information about the employee (Doyle, 2008). In the case of this event, the connection is strictly professional and the information relayed would be useful in deciding whether the application would be rejected or given a chance. For the company, it is obvious that they must start to be open to diversity and begin to embrace the thought of hiring people from minority groups. To do this, they must first learn more about the advantages of diversity. These concepts, such as friendly competitions between employees, exchange of ideas or information, and total growth of the company have been proved by many researchers (Goree, 2007). It is therefore something worth trying for a company that hasn’t got any bad feedbacks from this technique. The employers can then begin by accepting applications from any group and giving equal chances to all. If the company’s employing division is really that picky, then they could schedule pre-interviews to applicants. Additional interviews or pre-tests can then be administered to further filter down the applicant. The important thing is all applicants, regardless of gender, race, or affiliations, must be allowed to join the preliminary screening procedures that is of course once they reached the required qualifications. One possible problem that Julie’s company might experience is the difficulty in hiring employees of a minority group because they haven’t done it in a long time. Referencing, as discussed above can be a lot of help in here. The information taken from the listed references must be included in the criteria of selecting new applicants, not just their background race. In order to be effective, the company must also demolish any style of stereotyping based on races, or any variables that could affect the connotation of a group of people. This would ensure that there will be no discrimination in the workplace itself, not just on the application and hiring process. The rest of the employees must accept each other freely and avoid negative outlooks on the newly hired minority workers. By following these steps, one can guarantee a healthy workplace, where diversity becomes a great help in improving the company as a whole.

Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Essays

Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Essays Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Paper Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Paper This assignment will describe and evaluate two theories in developmental psychology. Firstly looking at Piagets Theory then followed by Kohlberg, then an evaluation of the similarities and differences of the two. It will provide evidence of how Piagets and Kohlbergs theory both suffer from the same criticisms as they both use dilemmas with a particular criteria ofa child and culture. The theory only considers a childs beliefs not its actual behaviour. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland. Piaget used children to assess moral development. He did this by giving the children specific games to play the most opular one being marbles. As he studied he observed the way the children applied the rules and their reasoning to change the rules. In addition to this he also clinically interviewed children and asked hypothetical questions about lying and cheating. This gave him an insight about how children make decisions and what their beliefs consist of. He also learned how they determined knowing right from wrong. To Piaget children are born with very basic mental structure. An example of a story Piaget would give to a child would be there are two children one child has been told not to o into the cupboard to get a biscuit, the child does this and knocks over one cup in the process. The other child accidently knocks five plates off the dinner table, as they have walked through the door. Piaget concluded to the three stages shown below based on the childrens answers from asking questions similar to the above. Piaget hypothesized three stages; Pre Moral; Heteronomous; Autonomous reality. He believed that the pre moral stage children have no concern or awareness of rules; this is age zero-five years. Piaget then moved on to Heteronomous stage, here he oncentrated on children ages five-nine years. He believed that these children had adherence to rules and duties and obedience to authority. The third stage being Autonomous, Piaget concentrated on children who were ten plus years. He found that children were aware of rules and agreements and these can be considered critically, also rules can be selectively applied depending on intention or mutual agreement. The quote below backs up Piagets theory. In accordance with Piagets view a strong relationship was found in Weston cultures between age and childrens level of moral reasoning. Younger children more often display aspects of heteronomous morality and are inclined to Judge the consequences of a deed as more important than the motives of the transgressor when passing moral Judgement. (Hoffman, 1970;Lickona,1976;Surber 1982) Piagets theory has also been criticized According to Authors such as Berk (1994a) and Shaffer (1993) Piaget underestimates the Moral understanding of younger children. They contend that there are indications that children can make moral decisions at an earlier stage than Piagets research. Piagets critics believe that moral evelopment will continue through to adulthood and even then it can still be varied. Lawrence Kohlberg was a Jewish American psychologist. He specialised in moral and expand on Piagets work to form a theory that explained the development of moral reasoning. Kohlberg based his theories upon research and interviews with groups of young boys. He gave them a set of moral dilemmas and then interviewed them to determine the reas oning behind their answers. From doing this research Kohlberg created a model that consisted of 3 levels and 6 stages. Level one is Pre- Conventional. Stage one is Obedience and punishment; at this stage of moral development, children under 9 years old see rules as unquestionable and permanent. Conforming to the rules is important because it means to avoid punishment. Stage two is Instrumental-Relativist and it focuses on individuals point of view and how they Judge circumstances for their personal needs. Level two is the Conventional level; stage 3 is Interpersonal Relationships living up to peoples expectations and being a considerate human being, this will be most adolescents and adults. Stage 4 is Maintaining Social Order all laws should be obeyed and authority must be respected. Level 3 is Post- Conventional. Stage five is Social contracts and individual rights. At this stage people have different values; opinions and beliefs of their people around them. Rules are important in a society but people of the society should agree on these rules. Stage six Universal ethical principles; at this stage Laws should be obeyed, but changed if not ethical and even if they conflict with laws and rules. (Baron 1996) (Active Psychology) Stage six is only ever reached by 10% of adults as operation hinking is needed. The individual must be capable of abstract thought. We are not convinced that many people ever progress beyond stage 4 (Shaver and Strong1976) The best known criticism of Kohlbergs came from Carol Gilligan 1982 who claimed that women scored lower on Kohlbergs tests because those tests were male biased. (EPSA Philosophy of science Amsterdam 2009 Google book) In addition to being questioned about the influence of gender, others have suggested that Kohlbergs theory of moral development is culturally-biased. Specifically, esearchers have posited that the highest stages of his theory reflect a westernized ideal of Justice based on individualistic thought and that it is biased against those that live in non- Western societies that do not value individualism as much ( Shaffer, Wood, Willoughby, 2002) There are many similarities between Piaget and Kohlbergs theories; Children go through different stages of moral development. It is believed that clinical interviews were the best method for studying childrens moral development. Piaget and Kohlberg both gathered data by asking questions based on hypothetical questions. The differences; Piaget believed that moral development had completed by end of middle childhood. Kohlberg believed children continued to develop past autonomous reality. There is evidence that Kohlbergs and Piagets theories are both gender and culture bias. They both use dilemmas with particular criteria of a child and culture. Piaget influenced Kohlberg to research Moral Development and found stages beyond Piagets model. This was also affirmed by Shaffer. Both theories are both gender and culture bias. They both use dilemmas with particular criteria of a child and culture. Piaget influenced Kohlberg to research Moral Development and found stages beyond Piagets model. This was also affirmed by Shaffer. Bibliography A1, D. R. (Eighth Edition ). Deveopmental Psychology . Linda Schreiber . Taylor, l. (1999). Active Psychology. Pearson Education Limited . Cognition and Development . (n. d. ). Retrieved from Psychology4a: http://psychology4a. com/develop10. htm Louw, D. (n. d. ). Human Develpoment . Retrieved from Google Books : http://books. google. co. uk/ sevencounties. org/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=41174cn=1310

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verbs Phrasal Verbs Phrasal Verbs By Jacquelyn Landis A phrasal verb is one that’s followed by an adverb or a preposition, and together they behave as a semantic unit. (The adverb or preposition following the verb is called a particle.) A phrasal verb functions the same way as a simple verb, but its meaning is idiomatic: The numbers don’t add up. That’s an offer he can’t turn down. Call off the wedding. Phrasal verbs are among the most difficult concepts for ESL students to grasp; the particle changes the verb in a way that’s entirely colloquial. Some phrasal verbs are separable: their particles can be separated from the verb and a noun inserted. Others cannot be separated. Separable: She added up the numbers. She added the numbers up. Inseparable: We have enough to fall back on. He broke into the conversation. Some are both separable and inseparable, depending on their meaning. Separable: She threw the ball up. Inseparable: She was so nauseated, she felt like throwing up. One of the biggest difficulties with phrasal verbs is that there’s no guideline for which ones are separable and which are not. Native English speakers grow up incorporating phrasal verbs into their daily conversation and know how to form them intuitively. Unfortunately, non-native speakers must rely solely on memorization. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Precedent vs. Precedence10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Sufficient funding to Hawaii University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sufficient funding to Hawaii University - Essay Example The institutions will encourage their students to participate into such activities in order to nurture the youth’s talents, exploit the available positions in the organization and to encourage the students to utilize their talents, and use it as a source of revenue generation (Benjamin 34). Proper funding to the Hawaii University will ensure the institution builds the required educational facilities such as workshops, the up-to-date reading room and other required facilities to perform research and practical’s. Because of this, the scholars and the personnel of the Hawaii University will be able to carry out their ideas on innovation due to the availability of the required resources to sponsor and make the dreams a reality (Stanton 33). Innovations from the students will act as a major boost to the economy of the country as the students will be able to invest their ideas thus creating employment and generate revenues to the government through the payment of taxes. Labor atories will also enable the practitioners to perform practical’s which intern may help them come up with solutions to long-term problems that have prevailed in the country. The students will also be able to come up with medical problems because of enough fund to cater for the research expenses and availability of required facilities (Jeff 12). Sports do play a healthy role in the development of the youths in the improvement of the academic achievements, their higher esteem increases and they face few behavioral problems. Students mainly are known to focus on sports  to improve their competence, assurance, their character and acquaintances and finally for considerate.  

Ronaldo part of Real's global marketing plan Essay

Ronaldo part of Real's global marketing plan - Essay Example Florentino Perez, director of the club, even admits it in the article: "One of the most important things for Real is its image". In this context the investment of US$44.25 million to transfer Ronaldo from his former Italian club Inter Milan seems nothing in regards of the foreseeable benefits of the arrival of the player. Perez adds: "We will begin selling shirts bearing the player's name immediately and we are sure there will be a massive demand. In five years we want to be in every country in the world." The statement proved to be true the very day Ronaldo signed his contract with Real Madrid. The player went to sign his shirt at the Real's boutique and broke all the records of soccer shirts sales in a day. A Ronaldo shirt costs 75 a piece. No Surprise Perez believes he will get his money's worth. Florentino Perez' strategy is obvious. He brings soccer stars from all around the world and offers them to the public. Who doe not want to see the best players of the world put together in a "dream team" Thus the skyscraping benefits of the shirt sales. However products with the Real Madrid logo are not the only source of major income for the club. With the arrival of Ronaldo, the team signed a commercial agreement with Siemens to bear the name of the mobile firm company on the team's shirt. The market share of Siemens has grown from 17% to 21% in one year.

The low-cost Airline Ryanair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The low-cost Airline Ryanair - Essay Example In any industry, several forces in conjunction form the success or failure of any firm that operates in it. These forces include those factors, which affect a business from outside its immediate environment, which is the macro environment. Porter’s Five Forces Model makes it easier for one to analyze these various factors in relation to any industry, as it outlines the basic factors, which one should observe to understand a company’s chances for success and market attractiveness. Ryanair, an airline in the transportation industry, forms an interesting choice of company which one can analyze using this model. To start, one needs to have a brief idea about Ryanair. It is a low-cost airline, which is the second largest airline in Europe, and belongs to the transportation sector of the tourism industry. The reason it forms such an interesting choice is that it is one of the largest in the world in terms of international passenger number and the second largest (Amason, 2010) in terms of passenger number. This success of the airline is intriguing, and leads one to wonder whether the success can be explained by the recent deregulations that happened in the aviation industry in Europe in 1997 or whether it is due to the low-cost business model that Ryanair operates under. Either way, it is an intriguing case for anyone interested in studying companies from a business management aspect (Amason, 2010). Porter’s Five Forces Model includes firms, which study the competitive environment of the firm. ... In relation to the competition it faces from other firms, Ryanair competes against several rivals. These include another low-cost Irish airline Aer Lingus, which came into direct competition with Ryanair ever since it switched to a low-cost business model. Other competitors include MyTravelLite and Go (Hoffman, 2007), both of which were at a point in time, in competition with Ryanair, although it was not long before Ryanair was able to beat them due to its low cost strategies. Aer Arann and CityJet are some more examples of competition, which Ryanair faces, while EasyJet is this airline’s largest competitor (Hoffman, 2007). The airline industry is one where no one firm can hold monopoly, because each successful firm has different strategies and different core competencies, which earn them a fair share of market share. In addition, it is a large industry, which automatically means there will be several competitors. As for the power of customers, it is not a strong force in this particular industry. The customers are more or less price takers in the airline industry, as there are dozens of airlines, which cater to customers belonging to each price category. While it is true that these airlines use low-cost strategies due to the customers only, it does not mean that the customers have the power to influence the rates of fares of these airlines. Similarly, the power of suppliers is also not very relevant to this industry. The start-up costs as well as any materials and services the airlines use for their planes or operations make a large proportion of their costs. However, their magnitude is what influences the airline’s decisions, not the wishes or demands of the suppliers, which makes the power

Importance of Communication Skills Essay

Importance of Communication Skills Essay Communication is very important for all beings. Animals and humans, alike, use their own separate languages to communicate with one another, because no one can survive without communicating. Communication skills are a part of the spoken and written language. These are the extra factors, which complete a communication process. Communication refers to the exchange of thoughts and ideas with the intention of conveying information. Communication is a two way street that includes vocalization as well as gesticulation. The purpose of communication is to convey ones beliefs, ideas, thoughts or needs with clarity so as to reach a consensus or a mutually acceptable solution. The importance of communication skills cannot be underestimated. It has been known, that long before when language was yet to be invented, people used hand gestures, body language etc to converse with one another. Good communication skills are necessary in all walks of life. The lack of effective communication skills has a negative impact on the personal as well as professional life of a person. Good communication skills are a prerequisite for professionals, in all walks of life. For example: Ineffective communication, rather than incompetence, precludes the doctor from conveying to the patient that the former has the best interests of the patient in mind. For instance, a doctor may be knowledgeable and may have considerable expertise in his area of work. However, a patient may feel neglected or ignored if the doctor is not particularly good at communicating. The disillusioned patient may also consider getting a second opinion. A simple miscommunication, especially when a one is ill, makes one feel awful. A good health care provider, who is able to put patients at ease with a few comforting gestures and words, will definitely be an asset to any hospital. A teacher, who is able to communicate well with students, can inspire them to learn and participate in class. Workplace communication can be improved by participating in a facilitated workshop. A workshop facilitator needs to be able to communicate. Without effective communication, even the goal of workshop facilitation cannot be realized. The facilitator needs to be able to identity dormant participants and encourage them to come forth with their views without seeming overly patronizing. All this is impossible unless the facilitator has astounding communication abilities coupled with a natural empathy towards fellow beings. Good communication skills are an invaluable asset to a sales person also, since he/she is entrusted with the task of convincing the prospective buyer about the wisdom of investing in a product. This is done by assessing the needs of the buyer and suggesting a product that would meet the buyers requirements. The product may offer a vast array of easy to use features that would definitely help in improving the quality of life of the user. Who is better to convince the buyer, about the multitude of features that the product has to offer, than a salesperson with a flair for words! While the importance of verbal communication cannot be underestimated, one cannot do away or ignore written communication. A simple billboard, carrying a well written message, manages to hold our attention at a crossing. Authors have been mesmerizing voracious readers by the power of their words. The enthralled reader flips through the pages, reading well into the night, without giving much thought to the mode of communication. The above examples would have clearly illustrated the importance of communication skills. Communication does not refer only to articulating words. Using sign language and the sense of touch to express and feel are also important modes of communication. Ultimately, communication should be effective. As long as there is clarity in communication, the goal of communication will be accomplished. There are several ways, through which a person, can enhance their communication skills. And people require these extra methods, to grow and improve their existing language. Some techniques are that, People can attend workshops, or they can read about the topic. Certain authors have come up with self help books, which make the task of understanding the concept very simple. And people, can practice, skills like writing etc. This will allow them to improve their written language and communication skills. Communication skills are a required for maintaining relationships also. When with friends and relatives, good communication skills are needed to avoid confusion, miss-communication and fights etc So, effective communication skills are very important, for sustaining in the society. Most people judge another person on the basis of his/her body language and form an opinion based on their perception. Hence, effective communication skills are as important to humans as, growling is to a dog, to communicate and express himself. What the spoken language fails to express ,that is easily expressed with certain hand and facial gestures. IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS If all my possessions were taken from me with one exception, I would hope to keep my power of communication for by it I would regain all the rest. Woody Allen WHAT IS COMMUNICATION Communication is the method by which people share their ideas, information, opinions and feelings. People sharing ideas, information, opinions and feelings may contribute to the operations of teams and the work of individuals. Communication is a two-way activity between two or more people. There are various modes of communication, some of which are used more commonly in some workplaces than others. Transfer of information and knowledge from source to receiver. Its the process by which the sender/ source reaches the receiver/ destination with thoughts, ideas, feelings, facts values. Successful communication is said to be accomplished when the receiver not only receives the message but also accept, interpret and use it in the manner intended by the source Communication is the art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one person to another. Communication is the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. ITS ESSENCES: PERSONAL PROCESS OCCURS BETWEEN PEOPLE INVOLVES CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR MEANS TO INFLUENCE OTHERS EXPRESSION OF THOUGHTS AND EMOTIONS THROUGH WORDS AND ACTIONS. TOOLS FOR CONTROLLING AND MOTIVATING PEOPLE. IT IS A SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL PROCESS Communication is the most important way of expressing any feeling towards any person or thing. There are various forms of verbal and non verbal communication. Human evolved in life through communicating his thinking and understanding others point of view. Communication help people relate, interact, understand, believe and get connected to others. Globalization is also a result of communication. Communication is required everywhere, be it business, personal life, entertainment or for knowledge. Communication can be a one way or a two way process, depending on the way people react. For instance, some times while a teacher is trying to interact with the students, students dont respond, therefore, although it was to be a two way communication it has became a one way communication process. Communication as already talked about helps in gaining knowledge, interacting with other communities, and provides entertainment. The various forms of entertainment through communication are: novels, newspapers, bulletins, online interactions, watching TV, talk shows, etc. According to me the best way of communication is reading, this helps you gain knowledge, helps you invest your time with yourself and is also a means of entertainment. If a person wants to gain knowledge then he can approach to some biographies, or newspapers or magazines. This will help the person know the world around him in a better manner. For some more people who want both can go for fiction or again biographies as in a biography you try to live the life of another person which will for sure provide you the insight and entertain you for time being. In recent days I was reading a few short stories of Manto  [1]  , who has written them in order to give his point of view and his experiences at the time of Indo-Pakistan partition. His stories informed me a lot about the kind of people living in India, their mindset and their liking and disliking. I was to some extend able to relate to all those stories. One of the most terrific story was The Assignment it is a story about a Muslim boy who comes to a Hindu family to give them a pack of sweets as his father has asked him to do so on the eve of some Hindu festival. The Hindu family is very afraid of the man but finally allows him in. the boy give the pack of sweets to them and goes away, and after him comes a huge crowd which burn this family to a crisp. There was another short story about the people in army, at the point of partition they were asked to go to the country according to their religions, some did but others did not. In this chaos were two real brothers one remained in India and the other went to Pakistan. After a few years a war broke between the two countries and both these brothers were standing in front of each other, giving the order for the battle. One of the brother died on the spot, and the other dig his grave, there it self and carried on with his work. These kinds of stories help you understand what the scenario of the people was at that point in time. According to me, reading helps one gain imaginations power and it is a self depended thing, for watching TV its a must that some good thing is coming on it, and you do need electricity. Communication is the articulation of sending a message through different media, whether it be verbal or nonverbal, so long as a being transmits a thought provoking idea, gesture, action, etc. Communication is a learned skill. Most babies are born with the physical ability to make sounds, but must learn to speak and communicate effectively. Speaking, listening, and our ability to understand verbal and nonverbal meanings are skills we develop in various ways. We learn basic communication skills by observing other people and modeling our behaviors based on what we see. We also are taught some communication skills directly through education, and by practicing those skills and having them evaluate COMMUNICATION OCCURS BETWEEN HUMANS THROUGH: SPEECH Evolution of the brain differentiated humans from animals, as among other things it allowed humans to master a very efficient form of communication speech. SYMBOLS The imperfection of speech, which nonetheless allowed easier dissemination of ideas and stimulated inventions, eventually resulted in the creation of new forms of communications, improving both the range at which people could communicate and the longevity of the information. All of those inventions were based on the key concept of the symbol: a conventional representation of a concept. CAVE PAINTINGS The oldest known symbols created with the purpose of communication through time are the cave paintings, a form of rock art, dating to the Upper Paleolithic. Just as the small child first learns to draw before it masters more complex forms of communication, so homo sapiens first attempts at passing information through time took the form of paintings. PICTOGRAMS A pictogram (pictograph) is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration. Pictography is a form of proto-writing whereby ideas are transmitted through drawing. IDEOGRAMS Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical symbols that represent an idea. Their ancestors, the pictograms, could represent only something resembling their form: therefore a pictogram of a circle could represent a sun, but not concepts like heat, light, day or Great God of the Sun. Ideograms, on the other hand, could convey more abstract concepts, so that for example an ideogram of two sticks can mean not only legs but also a verb to walk. WRITING The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily logographic in nature, based on pictographic and ideographic elements. Most writing systems can be broadly divided into three categories: logographic, syllabic and alphabetic (or segmental); however, all three may be found in any given writing system in varying proportions, often making it difficult to categorise a system uniquely. Communication can often be improved by identifying the appropriate media. Written, verbal or electronic methods, while impersonal, are fast and can be effective. Meetings, interviews and video conferencing require personal, face to face communication and thus interpersonal skills. Telephone and public address systems should be used only where personal communication methods are difficult. Written communication is very often the most suitable and clearest means of communication and can take many forms: memoranda; occasional or annual reports (fundamental in communicating accounting information); forms; notices; house journals and other forms of standard documentation such as rules and procedures, manuals and job descriptions. Visual communication is a powerful communication media and is often overlooked. Charts, slides, videos or films provide an immediate and clear message. Electronic means of communication are increasingly becoming more relevant. Document imaging, telex, fax, the Internet and e-mail are instantaneous and provide clear and fast communication possibilities. The type of communication and the medium used will depend to a greater or lesser extent on organizational structure. This will in turn be a function of the product or service and its environment. There are many forms of communication within an organization, formal and informal. Generally, in formal organizations information flows through quite clear channels and in defined directions. Traditionally, the direction of the three main information flows is downward, upward and lateral. CONCLUSION Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee, and just as hard to sleep after. The colossal misunderstanding of our times is the assumption that insight will work with people who are unmotivated to change. Communication does not depend on syntax, or eloquence, or rhetoric, or articulation; but on the emotional context in which the message is being heard. People can only hear you when they are moving toward you, and they are not likely to when your words are pursuing them. Even the choicest words lose their power when they are used to overpower. Attitudes are the real figures of speech. Some proverbs When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen The problem with communication is the illusion that is has been accomplished. The right to be heard does not automatically include the right to be taken seriously. Communication works for those who work at it. John Powell